Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious cause of mortality and disability. TBI caused about 2.5 million emergency department (ED) visits, 282,000 hospitalizations and 56,000 fatalities in the United States in 2013. Many survivors have substantial impairments, resulting in a huge economic burden. TBI's economic effect in the United States was projected to be $76.5 billion in direct and indirect expenditures in 2010. Severe TBI has a disproportionately higher economic cost.